Maternal and paternal reactions to child sadness predict children's psychosocial outcomes: A family‐centered approach

Parents' reactions to children's emotions shape their psychosocial outcomes. Extant research on emotion socialization primarily uses variable‐centered approaches. This study explores family patterns of maternal and paternal responses to children's sadness in relation to psychosocial outcomes in middle childhood. Fifty‐one families with 8‐ to 12‐year‐old children participated. Mothers and fathers reported their reactions to children's sadness and children's social competence and psychological adjustment. Cluster analyses revealed three family patterns: Supportive (high supportive and low non‐supportive reactions from both parents), Not Supportive (low supportive reactions from both parents), and Father Dominant (high paternal supportive and non‐supportive reactions, low maternal supportive and non‐supportive reactions). Supportive families had children with higher social competence and more internalizing symptoms whereas Father Dominant families had children with lower social competence and fewer internalizing symptoms. Not Supportive families had children with average social competence and fewer internalizing symptoms. Findings are discussed in relation to the “divergence model” which proposes that a diverse range of parental responses to children's sadness, rather than a uniformly supportive approach, may facilitate children's psychosocial adjustment.     

基于消费者显著性偏好的双边平台转换成本和定价策略研究

针对消费者对转换成本和价格属性具有显著性偏好的实际情况，基于显著性理论对垄断双边平台企业的转换成本和定价策略问题进行了研究。研究发现：1)在显著性偏好非对称型市场上，对价格敏感的一方收取的价格最低，对高转换成本的一方收取的价格最高，而在显著性偏好对称型市场上，平台的最优价格位于非对称型市场之间，但是对价格敏感型市场收取的价格低于转换成本敏感型市场的价格。2)在高转换成本的市场，平台利润最低；低转换成本市场平台利润最高，而混合型情况的最优利润位于这两者之间。该研究结论说明平台企业应该采取措施来降低用户加入平台的转换成本，从而增加利润，这与现实的案例研究结论相吻合。     

探析我国出口信用证结算地位弱化的成因及影响

鉴于信用证具有比较强的收汇保障的性能和贸易融资功能，因此也一直是我国出口企业贸易结算的首选，使用率高居90％。但是近年来，其结算的“霸主”地位不断弱化，并由此对我国外贸出口产生了较大的不利影响。本文探讨了其中具体的原因及影响，并辅以对策。     

湘鄂川黔革命根据地的 “扩红运动”及其历史与现实意义

湘鄂川黔革命根据地是长江南岸的最后一块红色根据地，是在全国其他各路红军离开原有根据地后，由红二、六军团会师后建立的，为我国革命战争的胜利起到了不可忽视的作用。文章以“扩红运动”为研究维度，从三个方面进行深刻论析。面对国民党的“围剿”、根据地内反动势力的迫害以及薄弱的地方武装力量，“扩红运动”的组织发动显得迫切需要。“扩红运动”的组织发动不仅对打击封建反动势力、维护苏维埃政权、壮大革命队伍、策应红军长征，以及保卫土地革命成果、扩大中国共产党的影响有着重要的历史意义，而且还对当今密切党群关系、处理民族关系、加强军队建设等都有着重要的现实意义。     

电信运营商投资效益仿真研究——基于系统动力学视角

针对目前电信运营商投资效益分析方法单一的现状，依据电信运营商投资效益非线性、动态性等特征，运用系统动力学方法构建了电信运营商投资效益仿真模型，对电信运营商投资效益影响因素进行了仿真分析。结果表明网络设备延迟投入、综合造价等对投资效益影响较大，在此基础上，给出了电信运营商在针对投入产出水平和提升效益方面的建议。     

非对称基坑开挖监测位移下数值对比分析

以南京市青奥轴线地下交通工程主隧道基坑非对称开挖水平位移监测数据为依据,对水平位移监测值与ABAQUS数值模拟值进行对比分析。得出结论:墙体水平位移首先是悬臂开挖的墙顶向外发生三角形分布的位移,然后随着支撑的架设,墙体发生转动,数值模拟值与实际监测值基本符合;在开挖面附近的土压力,随着墙体高度的增加而增大;在支撑以上部分,模拟值要小于计算值,而在开挖面以下部分,则模拟值大于计算值;随着悬臂段开挖深度的增加,悬臂段最大土压力值也在逐渐增加,墙底土压力值在逐渐减小。     

除尘器区低温省煤器烟道数值模拟

为实现除尘器区低温省煤器的节能改造,基于FLUENT6.3软件,对除尘器区低温省煤器烟道的流场进行数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:除尘器前烟道内流场严重不均,转弯处有明显的高速区与漩涡区,局部速度高达32 m/s;加装低温省煤器后,两低温省煤器内流场不均,最大速度偏差系数达79.3%,严重影响低温省煤器的换热效果,同时会磨损、冲刷低温省煤器管路,危及低温省煤器的安全;除尘器入口处出现大面积的低速区域,导致进入除尘器后流场紊乱、除尘器电耗高、除尘效率低等现象,除尘器前烟道内整流消涡可以根治除尘器工作效率的问题。     

Prosocial Behavior: Long‐term Trajectories and Psychosocial Outcomes

This study investigated developmental trajectories for prosocial behavior for a sample followed from the age of 10–18 and examined possible adjustment outcomes associated with membership in different trajectory groups. Participants were 136 boys and 148 girls, their teachers, and their parents (19.4 percent African‐American, 2.4 percent Asian, 51.9 percent Caucasian, 19.5 percent Hispanic, and 5.8 percent other). Teachers rated children's prosocial behavior yearly in grades 4–12. At the end of the 12th grade year, teachers, parents, and participants reported externalizing behaviors and participants reported internalizing symptoms, narcissism, and features of borderline personality disorder. Results suggested that prosocial behavior remained stable from middle childhood through late adolescence. Group‐based mixture modeling revealed three prosocial trajectory groups: low (18.7 percent), medium (52.8 percent), and high (29.6 percent). Membership in the high prosocial trajectory group predicted lower levels of externalizing behavior as compared with the low prosocial trajectory group, and for girls, lower levels of internalizing symptoms. Membership in the medium prosocial trajectory group also predicted being lower on externalizing behaviors. Membership in the high prosocial trajectory group predicted lower levels of borderline personality features for girls only.     

What are the Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior Among Low‐income Youth in CapeTown?

Research in high‐income countries has identified an array of risk factors for youth antisocial behavior. However, in low‐ and middle‐income countries, despite higher prevalence of offending and antisocial behavior, there is a paucity of prospective, longitudinal evidence examining predictors. South Africa is a middle‐income country with high rates of violence and crime, and a unique social context, characterized by striking income and gender inequality, and increasing number of children orphaned by AIDS. We tested predictors of antisocial behavior at community, family, and individual levels over four years. One thousand and twenty five adolescents from poor, urban South African settlements were assessed in 2005 (50 percent female; M = 13.4 years) and followed up in 2009. The sample analyzed consisted of the 723 youth (71 percent) assessed at both time points. We employed sociodemographic questionnaires and standardized scales. Validity of our antisocial behavior measure was supported by cross‐sectional associations with well‐evidenced concomitants of youth antisocial behavior, including drug taking and truancy. Regression analysis indicated that male gender and experience of community violence, but not poverty or abuse, predicted antisocial behavior. Despite many South African youth experiencing abuse and poverty at the family level, our findings suggest that high levels of violence in communities may be a more important factor contributing to the development of antisocial behavior, particularly among males.     

Australian and New Zealand Indigenous mothers’ report respect for smoking bans in homes

BackgroundThere is limited data about the reasons behind residential rules to reduce environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure or the establishment or enforcement of such rules in Indigenous populations.AimWe aimed to gain an understanding of smokefree rules around Australian and New Zealand (NZ) Indigenous infants.MethodThis was a qualitative study nested within a randomised controlled trial that aimed to test the efficacy of a family-centred tobacco control programme about environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to improve the respiratory health of Indigenous infants in Australia and New Zealand. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 Indigenous mothers of infants in Australia (n = 7) and NZ (n = 19). We asked about the presence of smokefree rules, who set the rules, how the rules were set and enforced, and presence of smokefree rules in participants’ wider social circle. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and inductively analysed to identify key themes.FindingsSixty-nine percent of mothers had partners, 77% smoked and all reported some presence of smokefree rules for house and car. Three main themes were identified: strategies to minimise exposure to ETS, establishing smokefree rules in homes and cars, and, adherence and enforcement of smokefree rules. Several strategies were identified to limit children's exposure to ETS, including rules to limit exposure to third-hand smoke. Mothers extended their smokefree rules to apply to other people's houses or cars, and reported that their family and social circles also had smokefree rules. The main reason for having smokefree rules was for the health of their children. Rules were most commonly set by the mother, often jointly with their partner. Few mothers reported challenges or problems with other people adhering to the smokefree rules.ConclusionWomen tried very hard to, and believed that they were effective in, protecting their children from the harmful effects of ETS exposure. In this context, health professionals need to emphasise smoking cessation in parents, so that children are maximally protected from ETS exposure.